Everything about Shanghai China totally explained
Shanghai is the most populous
city in the
People's Republic of China, and one of the
largest urban areas in the world, with a population of over 20 million people in its
metropolitan area. Located on China's east coast at the mouth of the
Yangtze River, the city is administered as a
municipality with
province-level status.
Originally a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew to importance in the 19th century due to its favorable
port location and as one of the cities opened to foreign trade by the 1842
Treaty of Nanking. The city flourished as a center of commerce between
east and
west, and became a multinational hub of finance and business by the 1930s. However, Shanghai's prosperity ground to a sharp halt after the 1949
Communist takeover and the subsequent cessation of foreign investment. After being allowed
economic reforms in 1990, Shanghai is booming once more with intense development and financing, and in 2005 became the world's largest port.
The city is an emerging
tourist destination renowned for its historical landmarks such as
the Bund and
Xintiandi, its modern and ever-expanding
Pudong skyline including the
Oriental Pearl Tower, and its new reputation as a
cosmopolitan center of culture and design. Today, Shanghai serves as one of the nation's most important commercial, financial, industrial and communications centers, and is widely regarded as a future
global city and as the showpiece of the world's
fastest-growing economy.
Etymology
The two
Chinese characters in the name "Shanghai", (shàng; and, hǎi) literally mean "up, on, or above" and "sea", respectively, evident of Shanghai's location next to the
East China Sea. The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the
Song Dynasty (11th century), at which time there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. There are disputes as to how the name should be interpreted, but official local histories have consistently said that it means "the upper reaches of the sea". However, another reading, especially in
Mandarin, also suggests the sense of "go onto the sea," which is consistent with the seaport status of the city. A more poetic name for Shanghai switches the order of the two characters,
Hǎishàng, and is often used for terms related to Shanghainese art and culture.
Shanghai is abbreviated in Chinese as
Hù or
Shēn . The former is derived from an ancient name for
Suzhou Creek,
Hu Du, while the latter is derived from the name of
Chunshen Jun , a nobleman and locally-revered hero of the
Chu Kingdom in the 3rd century BC whose territory included the Shanghai area. Sports teams and newspapers in Shanghai often use the character
Shēn in their names. Shanghai is also commonly called
Shēnchéng ("City of Shēn"). The city has also had various nicknames in English, including "Paris of the East" and "Queen of the Orient".
History
Before the formation of Shanghai city, the area was part of Songjiang county, governed by
Suzhou prefecture . From the time of the
Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279), Shanghai gradually became a busy
seaport. A
city wall was built in AD 1553, which is generally accepted as the start of the city of Shanghai. During the
Qianlong era of the
Qing Dynasty, Shanghai became an important regional port for the
Yangtze and
Huangpu rivers. It also became a major seaport for the nearby
Jiangsu and
Zhejiang provinces, although overseas commerce was still forbidden at that time. A historically important area of this era is Wujiaochang (now in
Yangpu District), the foundation of the city center. Around the end of the Qianlong era, Shiliupu (now in
Huangpu District) became the largest port in
East Asia.
The importance of Shanghai grew radically in the 19th century, as the city's strategic position at the mouth of the
Yangtze River made it an ideal location for trade with the West. During the
First Opium War in the early 19th century, British forces temporarily held Shanghai. The war ended with the 1842
Treaty of Nanjing, which saw the
treaty ports, Shanghai included, opened for international trade. The
Treaty of the Bogue signed in 1843, and the
Sino-American Treaty of Wangsia signed in 1844 together saw foreign nations achieve extraterritoriality on Chinese soil, the start of the foreign concessions.
1854 saw the first meeting of the
Shanghai Municipal Council, created in order to manage the foreign settlements. In 1863, the British settlement, located to the south of Suzhou creek (Huangpu district), and the American settlement, to the north of Suzhou creek (Hankou district), joined in order to form the International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council, and maintained its own French Concession, located to the south of the International Settlement. Citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work during the ensuing decades; those who stayed for long periods — some for generations — called themselves "
Shanghighlanders". In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 so-called
White Russians and Russian Jews fled the newly-established Soviet Union and took up residence in Shanghai. These
Shanghai Russians constituted the second-largest foreign community.
The
Sino-Japanese War concluded with the
Treaty of Shimonoseki, which saw
Japan emerge as an additional foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were soon copied by other foreign powers to effect the emergence of Shanghai industry. Shanghai was then the most important financial center in the
Far East. Under the
Republic of China, Shanghai was made a
special city in 1927, and a municipality in May 1930. The Japanese Navy bombed Shanghai on
January 28,
1932, nominally in an effort to crush down Chinese student protests of the
Manchurian Incident and the subsequent Japanese occupation of northeast China. The Chinese fought back in what was known as the
January 28 Incident. The two sides fought to a standstill and a ceasefire was brokered in May. The
Battle of Shanghai in 1937 resulted in the occupation of the Chinese administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. The International Settlement was occupied by the Japanese on
8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945.
On
May 27,
1949, the
Communist Party of China controlled the
People's Liberation Army and took control of Shanghai, which was one of the only three former
Republic of China (ROC) municipalities not merged into neighbouring provinces over the next decade (the others being
Beijing and
Tianjin). Shanghai underwent a series of changes in the boundaries of its subdivisions, especially in the next decade. After 1949, most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to
Hong Kong, as part of an exodus of foreign investment due to the Communist victory.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for revolutionary
leftism. Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the
Cultural Revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain high economic productivity and relative social stability. In most of the history of the
People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai has been the largest contributor of tax revenue to the central government compared with other Chinese provinces and municipalities. This came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructure and capital development. Its importance to China's fiscal well-being also denied it economic liberalizations that were started in the far southern provinces such as
Guangdong during the mid-1980s. At that time, Guangdong province paid nearly no taxes to the central government, and thus was perceived as fiscally expendable for experimental economic reforms. Shanghai was finally permitted to initiate economic reforms in 1991, starting the huge development still seen today and the birth of
Lujiazui and
Pudong.
Geography and climate
Shanghai sits on the
Yangtze River Delta on
China's east coast roughly equidistant between
Beijing and
Hong Kong. The municipality as a whole consists of a
peninsula between the
Yangtze and
Hangzhou Bay, China's third largest island
Chongming, and a number of smaller islands. It is bordered on the north and west by
Jiangsu Province, on the south by
Zhejiang Province, and on the east by the
East China Sea. The city proper is bisected by the
Huangpu River, a tributary of the
Yangtze. The historic center of the city, the
Puxi area, is located on the western side of the Huangpu, while the new
Pudong financial district has developed on the eastern bank.
The vast majority of Shanghai's land area is flat, apart from a few hills in the southwest corner, with an average elevation of . The city's location on the flat
alluvial plain has meant that new
skyscrapers must be built with deep concrete piles to stop them sinking into the soft ground. The highest point is at the peak of
Dajinshan Island at . The city has many rivers, canals, streams and lakes and is known for its rich water resources as part of the
Taihu drainage area.
Public awareness of the
environment is growing, and the city is investing in a number of environmental protection projects. A 10-year,
US$1 billion cleanup of
Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city center, is expected to be finished in 2008, and the government also provides incentives for transportation companies to invest in
LPG buses and
taxis.
Air pollution in Shanghai is low compared to other Chinese cities such as
Beijing, but the rapid development over the past decades means it's still high on worldwide standards, comparable to
Los Angeles.
Shanghai has a
humid subtropical climate (
Koppen climate classification Cfa) and experiences four distinct seasons. In winter, cold northerly winds from Siberia can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing, and although not usually associated with
snow, the city can receive one or two days of snowfall per year. In contrast, and in spite of being the peak tourist season, summer in Shanghai is very warm and humid, with occasional downpours or freak
thunderstorms. The city is also susceptible to
typhoons, none of which in recent years has caused considerable damage. The most pleasant seasons are Spring, although changeable, and Autumn, which is generally sunny and dry. Shanghai experiences on average 1,778 hours of sunshine per year, with the hottest temperature ever recorded at, and the lowest at .
Shanghai and
Hong Kong are rivaling to be the economic center of China. Hong Kong has the advantage of a stronger legal system, international market integration, superior
economic freedom, greater banking and service expertise, lower taxes, and a fully-convertible currency. Shanghai has stronger links to both the Chinese interior and the central government, and a stronger base in manufacturing and technology. Shanghai has increased its role in finance, banking, and as a major destination for corporate headquarters, fueling demand for a highly educated and modernized workforce. Shanghai has recorded a double-digit growth for 15 consecutive years since 1992. In 2007, Shanghai's nominal GDP posted a 13.3% growth to 1.2 trillion yuan. The
Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's fastest growing, with the
Shanghai Composite Index growing 130% in 2006.
As in many other areas in China, Shanghai is undergoing a building boom. In Shanghai the modern architecture is notable for its unique style, especially in the highest floors, with several top floor restaurants which resemble flying saucers.
For a gallery of these unique architecture designs, see Shanghai (architecture images).
The bulk of Shanghai buildings being constructed today are high-rise apartments of various height, color and design. There is now a strong focus by city planners to develop more "green areas" (public parks) among the apartment complexes in order to improve the quality of life for Shanghai's residents, quite in accordance to the "Better City - Better Life" theme of Shanghai's
Expo 2010.
Demographics
The 2000 census put the population of Shanghai Municipality at 16.738 million, including the migrant population, which made up 3.871 million. Since the 1990 census the total population had increased by 3.396 million, or 25.5%. Males accounted for 51.4%, females for 48.6% of the population. 12.2% were in the age group of 0–14, 76.3% between 15 and 64 and 11.5% were older than 65. 5.4% of the inhabitants were illiterate. As of 2007, the population of long-term residents reached 18.45 million, including an officially registered population of 13.68 million, and 4.67 million migrants from other provinces, mostly from
Anhui,
Jiangsu, and
Zhejiang Provinces. In addition, there are a large number of immigrants from
Taiwan (estimates vary from 250,000 to 500,000). The average life expectancy in 2006 was 80.97 years, 78.67 for men and 82.29 for women.
Most registered Shanghainese residents are descendants of immigrants from the two adjacent provinces of
Jiangsu and
Zhejiang who moved to Shanghai in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, regions that generally also speak
Wu Chinese. The many migrants coming to Shanghai from inland China have raised tensions in the past decade, often they don't speak the local dialect and therefore use Mandarin as a
lingua franca. Rising crime rates, littering, harassive panhandling, and an overloading of the basic infrastructure (mainly public transportation and public schools) associated with the rise of these migrant populations (over 3 million new migrants in 2003 alone) have been generating some ill will from the Shanghainese. Efforts have been made by the local Shanghai municipal government to provide adequate welfare for the migrant populations in Shanghai, while also being cautious not to further increase the burdens of the native-born population.
The
vernacular language is
Shanghainese, a dialect of
Wu Chinese, while the official language is
Standard Mandarin. The local dialect is mutually unintelligible with Mandarin, and is an inseparable part of the Shanghainese identity. The
Shanghainese dialect today is a mixture of standard Wu Chinese as spoken in
Suzhou, with the dialects of
Ningbo and other nearby regions whose peoples have migrated to Shanghai in large numbers since the 20th Century. Nearly all Shanghainese under the age of 40 can speak Mandarin fluently. Fluency in foreign languages is unevenly distributed. Most senior residents who received a
university education before the revolution, and those who worked in foreign enterprises, can speak English. Those under the age of 26 have had contact with English since primary school, as English is taught as a mandatory course starting at Grade 1.
Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a rich blend of religious heritage as shown by the religious buildings and institutions still scattered around the city.
Taoism has a presence in Shanghai in the form of several temples,including the
City God Temple, at the heart of the old city, the
Wenmiao, dedicated to
Confucius, and a temple dedicated to the
Three Kingdoms general
Guan Yu.
Buddhism has had a presence in Shanghai since ancient times.
Longhua temple, the largest temple in Shanghai, and
Jing'an Temple, were founded in the
Three Kingdoms period. Another important temple is the
Jade Buddha Temple, which is named after a large statue of
Buddha carved out of
jade in the temple. In recent years dozens of modern temples have been built throughout the city. Shanghai is also an important center of
Christianity in China. Churches belonging to various denominations are found throughout Shanghai and maintain significant congregations. Among
Catholic churches,
St Ignatius Cathedral in
Xujiahui is the largest, while
She Shang Cathedral is the only active pilgrimage site in China. The city is also home to
Muslim,
Jewish, and
Eastern Orthodox communities.
While
Beijing is considered the educational center of China, Shanghai is also home to some of the country's most prestigious universities, including
Fudan University and
Tongji University.
Transportation
Shanghai has an extensive public transportation system, largely based on buses, and a rapidly expanding metro system. For a city of Shanghai's size, road traffic is still fairly smooth and convenient but getting more congested as the number of cars increases rapidly.
The
Shanghai Metro rapid-transit system and elevated light rail has eight lines (numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9) at present. According to the development schedule of the municipal government, by the year 2010, another 4 lines (numbers 7, 10, 11 and 12) will be built. It is one of the fastest-growing systems in the world - the first line opened in just 1995. Shanghai also has the world's most extensive
bus system with nearly one thousand bus lines. Bus and metro fares run from ¥3 to ¥9 depending on distance.
Taxis in Shanghai are plentiful and market competition has driven taxi fare down to affordable prices for the average resident (¥11 (¥14 after 11pm) or a little over one US dollar for 3 km). Before the 1990s, bicycling was the most ubiquitous form of transportation in Shanghai, but the city has since banned bicycles on many of the city's main roads to ease congestion. However, many streets have bicycle lanes and intersections are monitored by "Traffic Assistants" who help provide for safe crossing. Further, most motorists in China were raised riding bikes and so are fairly careful of them. Further, the city government has pledged to add 180 km of cycling lanes over the next few years. With rising disposable incomes, private car ownership in Shanghai has also been rapidly increasing in recent years. The number of cars is limited, however, by the number of available number plates available at public auction.
In cooperation with the Shanghai municipality and the Shanghai Maglev Transportation Development Co. (
SMT), German
Transrapid constructed the
first commercial Maglev railway in the world in 2002, from Shanghai's Longyang Road subway station in Pudong to Pudong International Airport. Commercial operation started in 2003. The 30 km trip takes 7 minutes and 21 seconds and reaches a maximum speed of 431 km/h (267.8 mph).
Two
railways intersect in Shanghai:
Jinghu Railway (Beijing-Shanghai) Railway passing through
Nanjing, and Shanghai-
Hangzhou Railway (沪杭线 Hu Hang Line).
Shanghai has two main railway stations,
Shanghai Railway Station and
Shanghai South Railway Station. A Maglev train route to
Hangzhou (
Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train) might begin construction in 2007. A high-speed railroad to Beijing is also in the works.
More than six national
expressways (prefixed with "G") from
Beijing and from the region around Shanghai connect to the city. Shanghai itself has six toll-free elevated expressways (
skyways) in the urban core and 18 municipal expressways (
prefixed with "A"). There are ambitious plans to build expressways connecting Shanghai's
Chongming Island with the urban core.
Shanghai has two airports:
Hongqiao International and
Pudong International, the latter of which has the third highest traffic in China, following
Beijing Capital International Airport and
Hong Kong International Airport. Pudong International handles more international traffic than Beijing Capital however, with over 17.15 million international passengers handled in 2006 compared to the latter's 12.6 million passengers.
Architecture
Shanghai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various
architectural styles. The
Bund, located by the bank of the
Huangpu River, contains a rich collection of early 20th century architecture, ranging in style from
neo-classical HSBC Building to the
art deco Sassoon House. A number of areas in the former foreign concessions are also well preserved, and despite rampant redevelopment, the old city still retains some buildings of a traditional style, including
Yuyuan Garden, a traditional garden in the
Jiangnan style.
In recent years, a large number of architectually distinctive, even eccentric, skyscrapers have sprung up throughout Shanghai. Notable examples of contemporary architecture include the
Shanghai Museum and
Shanghai Grand Theatre in the
People's Square precinct.
One uniquely Shanghainese cultural element is the
shikumen (石库门) residences, which are two or three-story
townhouses, with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known as a
lòngtang (弄堂), pronounced
longdang in Shanghainese. The entrance to each alley is usually surmounted by a stylistic stone arch. The whole resembles
terrace houses or
townhouses commonly seen in Anglo-American countries, but distinguished by the tall, heavy brick wall in front of each house. The name "shikumen" literally means "stone storage door", referring to the strong gateway to each house.
The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional
Lower Yangtze (Jiangnan) Chinese architecture and social behavior. All traditional Chinese dwellings had a courtyard, and the shikumen was no exception. Yet, to compromise with its urban nature, it was much smaller and provided an "interior haven" to the commotions in the streets, allowing for raindrops to fall and vegetation to grow freely within a residence. The courtyard also allowed sunlight and adequate ventilation into the rooms.
The Shanghai World Financial Center at 492 metres tall is the tallest skyscraper in
mainland China and
ranks second in the world. The distinctive
Oriental Pearl Tower at 468 metres, is located nearby in downtown Shanghai. Its lower sphere is now available for living quarters, starting at very high prices.
Culture
Because of Shanghai's status as the cultural and economic center of
East Asia for the first half of the twentieth century, it's popularly seen as the birthplace of everything considered modern in China. It was in Shanghai, for example, that the first motor car was driven and the first train tracks and modern sewers were laid. It was also the intellectual battleground between socialist writers who concentrated on
critical realism (pioneered by
Lu Xun and
Mao Dun) and the more "
bourgeois", more romantic and aesthetically inclined writers (such as
Shi Zhecun,
Shao Xunmei,
Ye Lingfeng,
Eileen Chang).
Besides literature, Shanghai was also the birthplace of
Chinese cinema & theater. China’s first short film,
The Difficult Couple (
Nanfu Nanqi, 1913), and the country’s first fictional feature film,
Orphan Rescues Grandfather (
Gu'er jiu zuji, 1923) were both produced in Shanghai. These two films were very influential, and established Shanghai as the center of Chinese film-making. Shanghai’s film industry went on to blossom during the early Thirties, generating Marilyn Monroe-like stars such as
Zhou Xuan. Another film star,
Jiang Qing, went on to become Madame
Mao Zedong. The talent and passion of Shanghainese filmmakers following
World War II and the
Communist revolution in China contributed enormously to the development of the
Hong Kong film industry. Many aspects of Shanghainese popular culture ("Shanghainese Pops") were transferred to
Hong Kong by the numerous Shanghainese emigrants and refugees after the Communist Revolution. The movie
In the Mood for Love (
Huayang nianhua) directed by
Wong Kar-wai (a native Shanghainese himself) depicts one slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in
Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan.
Shanghai boasts several museums of regional and national importance. The
Shanghai Museum of art and history has one of the best collections of Chinese historical artefacts in the world, including important archaeological finds since 1949. The
Shanghai Art Museum, located near
People's Square, is a major art museum holding both permanent and temporary exhibitions. The
Shanghai Natural History Museum is a large scale natural history museum. In addition, there's a variety of smaller, specialist museums, some housed in important historical sites such as the site of the
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and the site of the First National Congress of the
Communist Party of China.
The
Shanghai School (海上画派
Haishang Huapai or 海派
Haipai) is a very important Chinese school of traditional arts during the
Qing Dynasty and the whole of the
twentieth century. Under efforts of masters from this school, traditional Chinese art reached another climax and continued to the present in forms of the "
Chinese painting" (中国画) or
guohua (国画) for short. The Shanghai School challenged and broke the literati tradition of Chinese art, while also paying technical homage to the ancient masters and improving on existing traditional techniques. Members of this school were themselves educated literati who had come to question their very status and the purpose of art, and had anticipated the impending modernization of Chinese society. In an era of rapid social change, works from the Shanghai School were widely innovative and diverse, and often contained thoughtful yet subtle social commentary. The most well-known figures from this school are
Ren Xiong (任熊),
Ren Yi (任伯年),
Zhao Zhiqian (赵之谦),
Wu Changshuo (吴昌硕),
Sha Menghai (沙孟海, calligraphist),
Pan Tianshou (潘天寿),
Fu Baoshi (傅抱石) and
Wang Zhen (Wang Yiting) (王震). In literature, the term was used in the 1930s by some
May Fourth Movement intellectuals, notably
Zhou Zuoren and
Shen Congwen, as a derogatory label for the literature produced in Shanghai at the time. They argued that so-called Shanghai School literature was merely commercial and therefore didn't advance social progress. This became known as the
Jingpai (Beijing School) versus
Haipai (Shanghai School) debate.
Songjiang School (淞江派) is a small painting school during the
Ming Dynasty. It is commonly considered as a further development of the Wu School, or Wumen School (吴门画派), in the then cultural center of the region,
Suzhou. Huating School (华亭派) was another important art school during the middle to late Ming Dynasty. Its main achievements were in traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy and poetry, and especially famous for its Renwen painting (人文画).
Dong Qichang (董其昌) is one of the masters from this school.
Shanghai's parks offer some reprieve from the urban jungle. Due to the scarcity of play space for children, nearly all parks have a children's section. Zhongshan Gongyuan in Downtown Shanghai is famous for its monument of
Chopin, the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world. Built in 1914 as Jessfield Park, it once contained the campus of St. John's University, Shanghai's first international college; today, it's known for its extensive rose and peony gardens, a large children's play area, and as the westernmost stop to date on the Metro Line 2. One of the newest is in the Xujiahui District, Xujiahui Gongyuan, built in
1999 on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (today's glamorous La Villa Rouge restaurant), with entrances at Zhaojiabang Lu and in the west at the intersection of Hengshang Lu and Yuqin Lu. The park has a man-made lake with a sky bridge running across the park, and offers a pleasant respite for Xujiahui shoppers.
Other Shanghainese cultural artifacts include the cheongsam (Shanghainese:
zansae), a modernization of the traditional Chinese/Manchurian
qipao (; fitting. This contrasts sharply with the traditional qipao which was designed to conceal the figure and be worn regardless of age. The cheongsam went along well with the western overcoat and the scarf, and portrayed a unique East Asian modernity, epitomizing the Shanghainese population in general. As Western fashions changed, the basic cheongsam design changed, too, introducing high-necked sleeveless dresses, bell-like sleeves and, the black lace frothing at the hem of a ball gown. By the 1940s, cheongsams came in transparent black, beaded bodices, matching capes and even velvet. And later, checked fabrics became also quite common. The 1949 Communist Revolution ended the cheongsam and other fashions in Shanghai. However, the Shanghainese styles have seen a recent revival as stylish party dresses. The fashion industry has been rapidly revitalizing in the past decade, there's on average one fashion show per day in Shanghai today. Like Shanghai's architecture, local fashion designers strive to create a fusion of western and traditional designs, often with innovative if uncontroversial results.
Shanghai has hosted a number of world events, including the
2007 Summer Special Olympics and a
Live Earth concert. The city will be the host of the
Expo 2010 World's Fair between May and October 2010. Shanghai is also home to a number of professional sports teams, including
Shanghai Shenhua of the
Chinese Football Association Super League, the
Shanghai Sharks of the
Chinese Basketball Association, and the
Shanghai Eagles of the
Chinese Baseball League. The city has also hosted the
Formula One Chinese Grand Prix at the
Shanghai International Circuit every year since 2004.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Shanghai China'.
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